Question 980
A compliance dashboard must alert when AWS Network Firewall records multiple rejected outbound connections to an embargoed subnet. Which pipeline supports quantitative notification?
- Deliver Network Firewall logs to a supported destination and derive CloudWatch metrics and alarms for matching events
- Configure supported Network Firewall TLS SNI or domain-list matching with the intended stateful rule action
- Place AWS Network Firewall endpoints in the centralized egress path and route inspected traffic through them
- Examine AWS Network Firewall alert and flow logs with the configured stateful rule action
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:Firewall flow or alert logs describe inspection events, while derived metrics and alarms can notify responders when defined event counts exceed thresholds.
Incorrect Answers
B:Stateful domain inspection can examine supported protocol metadata such as TLS SNI without full TLS decryption; it cannot classify traffic lacking the inspected hostname signal; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to alert on logged inspection denies.
C:Network Firewall processes packets according to configured stateless and stateful policies; the surrounding subnet/TGW routing must force both relevant directions through the endpoints; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to alert on logged inspection denies.
D:An alert action records a match without necessarily dropping the traffic, while a drop or reject action changes data-plane delivery; rule action and event evidence must be read together; it is not the action that directly makes the system alert on logged inspection denies.
Question 981
An investigator compares ALB access logs with VPC Flow Logs and expects one flow record per HTTP request. What limitation must be documented?
- Verify the VPC Flow Logs resource scope, traffic type, and aggregation interval
- Configure VPC Traffic Mirroring from the supported source ENI to an inspection target
- Deliver VPC Flow Logs to a governed Amazon S3 bucket in the centralized logging environment
- Explain that VPC Flow Logs aggregate connection metadata and do not uniquely represent individual HTTP transactions
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:HTTP requests may share TCP connections, and flow aggregation produces network records rather than one request row, so different record counts do not inherently mean loss.
Incorrect Answers
A:Flow Logs aggregate network-flow information over a time window and only cover selected ENIs, subnets, or VPCs; request logs and flow records are not guaranteed one-to-one; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to distinguish transport flows from HTTP request counts.
B:Traffic Mirroring copies selected packets so the analyzer can inspect protocol exchanges; VPC Flow Logs record connection metadata rather than full packet payload; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to distinguish transport flows from HTTP request counts.
C:S3 can retain aggregated flow-log objects for cross-account analysis and lifecycle controls when the destination and permissions are configured correctly; it is not the action that directly makes the system distinguish transport flows from HTTP request counts.
Question 982
An enterprise needs to know which DNS query caused a DNS Firewall block in an application VPC. What telemetry should it enable?
- Examine Resolver query logs for response codes and correlate the failure timestamps
- Enable Route 53 Resolver query logging for the application VPC
- Configure Route 53 Resolver DNS Firewall domain lists and blocking rules on associated VPC rule groups
- Collect Route 53 Resolver query logs together with DNS Firewall rule-group activity where supported
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:Resolver query information can tie source, queried name, response and time to DNS security rule behavior, helping distinguish an actual blocked lookup from application DNS failures.
Incorrect Answers
A:DNS response-code observations can distinguish nonexistence responses from failed or timed-out upstream resolution, guiding whether to inspect records or network paths; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to audit DNS domain blocks by source VPC.
B:Resolver query logs capture DNS queries and responses processed by the associated VPC Resolver and can be sent to supported log destinations for analysis; it is not the action that directly makes the system audit DNS domain blocks by source VPC.
C:DNS Firewall evaluates matching resolver queries and can block listed domains before clients learn the resolved endpoint address; it does not prevent clients from reaching known IPs directly; that still would not establish the requested outcome: audit DNS domain blocks by source VPC.
Question 983
A security account wants a consolidated compliance view of network security-group rules from dozens of AWS member accounts without exporting reports manually from each one. Which service feature supports aggregation?
- Create an AWS Config aggregator covering the relevant organization accounts and Regions
- Use AWS Network Manager and its global network observability features
- Review the finding type, affected resource, network details, and associated GuardDuty context
- Use restrictive cross-account S3 bucket permissions, retention policy, and S3 Object Lock where required
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:Aggregators collect configuration and compliance information across authorized accounts and Regions to support centralized queries and dashboards, while rule evaluation remains tied to the sources.
Incorrect Answers
B:Network Manager provides centralized views of globally connected networking infrastructure and supported connection or topology events, complementing per-VPC packet-level diagnostics; that still would not establish the requested outcome: aggregate network compliance across accounts.
C:GuardDuty correlates supported telemetry to generate potential threat findings, which can provide enrichment for triage but are not a packet-by-packet capture of the session; the scenario instead needs an action that will aggregate network compliance across accounts.
D:Immutable retention and controlled write-only delivery reduce the ability of a compromised source account to alter existing logs after ingestion into a governed archive; those conditions do not produce the required result: aggregate network compliance across accounts.
Question 984
A Transit Gateway routes traffic from dozens of VPCs. A single attachment has unusually high bytes dropped, and the team wants to correlate the issue with attachment capacity and health. Which metrics are appropriate?
- Accept the shared Transit Gateway attachment request in the owner account
- Enable Transit Gateway Flow Logs for the relevant TGW or attachments
- Monitor Transit Gateway attachment CloudWatch metrics and correlate them with TGW Flow Logs
- Evaluate the longest matching destination prefix in the TGW route table
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:TGW metrics report aggregate packet and byte behavior while Flow Logs add flow context, enabling a more precise hypothesis about attachment-specific drop patterns.
Incorrect Answers
A:RAM sharing grants permission to request an attachment, but the TGW owner must accept pending attachment requests unless its attachment auto-acceptance setting handles them; that still would not establish the requested outcome: investigate one transit attachment's packet drops.
B:TGW Flow Logs provide network-flow metadata observed by the transit gateway and its attachments; ordinary VPC Flow Logs report traffic at their configured VPC resource scope; the scenario instead needs an action that will investigate one transit attachment's packet drops.
D:A /24 destination route is more specific than a /16 and governs traffic to addresses in that range, regardless of broad propagation from another attachment; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to investigate one transit attachment's packet drops.
Question 985
A company ships VPC Flow Logs into a central S3 bucket. Security wants to prevent a compromised application account from deleting past audit records. Which storage controls matter?
- Create an AWS Config aggregator covering the relevant organization accounts and Regions
- Search CloudTrail management events for the relevant EC2 gateway-attachment API call
- Use restrictive cross-account S3 bucket permissions, retention policy, and S3 Object Lock where required
- Use VPC Network Access Analyzer with a scope and finding condition matching the prohibited path
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:Immutable retention and controlled write-only delivery reduce the ability of a compromised source account to alter existing logs after ingestion into a governed archive.
Incorrect Answers
A:Aggregators collect configuration and compliance information across authorized accounts and Regions to support centralized queries and dashboards, while rule evaluation remains tied to the sources; the scenario instead needs an action that will protect retained network evidence against deletion.
B:CloudTrail records management-plane API actions such as attachment changes, including caller and timestamp; flow logs cannot identify the actor who modified the control plane; those conditions do not produce the required result: protect retained network evidence against deletion.
D:Network Access Analyzer evaluates modeled VPC networking configurations against defined access requirements and identifies unintended access patterns without generating live application packets; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to protect retained network evidence against deletion.
Question 986
A security engineer needs to distinguish an NACL denial from an application process refusing a connection. Flow Logs show ACCEPT for the attempted destination. Which next step is more informative than assuming the flow succeeded?
- Inspect the instance operating-system firewall and application listener configuration
- Check host firewall, listener state, and application or packet-capture evidence after network filtering
- Inspect security-group and network ACL rules along with the destination routing path
- Configure an ordered network ACL deny on the target subnet with matching destination and protocol scope
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:ACCEPT indicates the observed network-flow action and does not establish that a backend process listened, authenticated, or completed the application transaction.
Incorrect Answers
A:Reachability Analyzer models supported AWS network configuration, but cannot establish that a process accepts connections or that a host-based filter permits the socket; those conditions do not produce the required result: avoid treating accepted network flow as application success.
C:Flow Logs classify traffic as accepted or rejected at the interface-level logging view; they do not directly name the exact security-group or NACL rule responsible; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to avoid treating accepted network flow as application success.
D:A network ACL explicitly rejects matching stateless traffic before later broader allow entries; security groups can only grant permitted flows; it is not the action that directly makes the system avoid treating accepted network flow as application success.
Question 987
A custom HTTPS hostname terminates at CloudFront, but the origin is a custom ALB reachable over HTTP. Compliance requires encryption on both legs. Which two settings must be reviewed?
- Enable CloudFront Origin Shield in a strategically chosen Region
- Switch to the S3 REST bucket origin and use CloudFront origin access control with a restrictive bucket policy
- Configure an origin group with the two origins and include 503 among the failover status codes
- Enforce HTTPS between viewers and CloudFront and set the CloudFront custom-origin protocol policy to HTTPS Only
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:Viewer protocol rules protect the first hop, while the custom-origin protocol policy controls encryption between CloudFront and the ALB; the origin must serve a certificate valid for the requested origin name.
Incorrect Answers
A:Origin Shield adds a centralized caching layer between regional caches and the origin, improving cache reuse for requests arriving through multiple regional caches and reducing duplicate fetches; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to encrypt both CDN viewer and origin segments.
B:S3 website endpoints are custom HTTP origins and do not support OAC; the regional REST endpoint can accept CloudFront-signed origin requests while public S3 access remains blocked; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to encrypt both CDN viewer and origin segments.
C:CloudFront origin groups can redirect eligible read requests to a secondary origin when the selected response code matches the failover policy; write operations are not eligible for that origin-group failover behavior; it is not the action that directly makes the system encrypt both CDN viewer and origin segments.
Question 988
An HTTPS service on an NLB must pass TLS connections unchanged to the EC2 target, where client-certificate validation takes place. Which listener mode preserves application-side TLS termination?
- Enable client IP preservation for the supported NLB IP target group configuration
- Select a supported ALB listener security policy that excludes disallowed legacy TLS protocols
- Enable Network Load Balancer access logging for the TLS listener and inspect handshake fields
- Use a TCP listener on the NLB and terminate TLS at the registered backend
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:A TCP listener forwards transport bytes without terminating TLS; a TLS listener would negotiate TLS at the load balancer and change where end-to-end certificate handling occurs.
Incorrect Answers
A:Depending on target type and protocol, NLB client IP preservation may need to be explicitly configured; otherwise targets can observe a translated source address; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to preserve TLS pass-through to NLB targets.
B:ALB security policies govern the protocols and ciphers accepted by its TLS listener; rotating the certificate alone does not disable old protocol versions; it is not the action that directly makes the system preserve TLS pass-through to NLB targets.
C:NLB TLS access logs provide information about TLS connections handled by supported TLS listeners, helping diagnose negotiated protocol and certificate-related handshake behavior; that still would not establish the requested outcome: preserve TLS pass-through to NLB targets.
Question 989
A corporate network uses an AWS Direct Connect private virtual interface and assumes every packet is automatically encrypted simply because the circuit is private. What additional requirement should security specify?
- Advertise only the intended private prefixes over the Direct Connect BGP session
- Use an approved encryption layer such as IPsec over the DX transport where required
- Use a Direct Connect public virtual interface for supported public AWS endpoints
- Configure MACsec on a supported Direct Connect dedicated connection and compatible customer hardware
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:A private DX connection supplies dedicated network connectivity but does not inherently guarantee end-to-end payload encryption for all services; overlay encryption must be deliberately deployed when needed.
Incorrect Answers
A:Restricting advertised prefixes keeps hybrid routing within the intended enterprise reachability boundary; unnecessary default route advertisements can attract traffic not meant for Direct Connect; it is not the action that directly makes the system encrypt confidential traffic over dedicated links.
C:Public VIFs exchange public AWS service prefixes and customer public addressing, unlike transit VIFs, which carry hybrid private routes toward TGWs; the scenario instead needs an action that will encrypt confidential traffic over dedicated links.
D:MACsec protects Ethernet frames on eligible Direct Connect physical links, subject to connection speed, location, and equipment support; it does not replace application-layer encryption throughout the AWS service path; those conditions do not produce the required result: encrypt confidential traffic over dedicated links.
Question 990
A company wants link-layer encryption over an eligible dedicated Direct Connect connection rather than an application-specific IPsec overlay. Which technology should the team evaluate?
- Use transit VIFs, a Direct Connect gateway, and associated Transit Gateways
- Combine eligible same-speed Direct Connect dedicated links into a link aggregation group
- Configure MACsec on a supported Direct Connect dedicated connection and compatible customer hardware
- Use an approved encryption layer such as IPsec over the DX transport where required
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:MACsec protects Ethernet frames on eligible Direct Connect physical links, subject to connection speed, location, and equipment support; it does not replace application-layer encryption throughout the AWS service path.
Incorrect Answers
A:A Direct Connect gateway can connect eligible transit virtual interfaces to TGWs across supported Regions, avoiding a separate VIF per individual VPC; that still would not establish the requested outcome: encrypt eligible physical DX frames.
B:LAG combines supported same-speed physical connections under one logical construct; individual BGP flow hashing and circuit health still affect realized traffic distribution; the scenario instead needs an action that will encrypt eligible physical DX frames.
D:A private DX connection supplies dedicated network connectivity but does not inherently guarantee end-to-end payload encryption for all services; overlay encryption must be deliberately deployed when needed; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to encrypt eligible physical DX frames.