Question 990
A company wants link-layer encryption over an eligible dedicated Direct Connect connection rather than an application-specific IPsec overlay. Which technology should the team evaluate?
- Use transit VIFs, a Direct Connect gateway, and associated Transit Gateways
- Combine eligible same-speed Direct Connect dedicated links into a link aggregation group
- Configure MACsec on a supported Direct Connect dedicated connection and compatible customer hardware
- Use an approved encryption layer such as IPsec over the DX transport where required
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:MACsec protects Ethernet frames on eligible Direct Connect physical links, subject to connection speed, location, and equipment support; it does not replace application-layer encryption throughout the AWS service path.
Incorrect Answers
A:A Direct Connect gateway can connect eligible transit virtual interfaces to TGWs across supported Regions, avoiding a separate VIF per individual VPC; that still would not establish the requested outcome: encrypt eligible physical DX frames.
B:LAG combines supported same-speed physical connections under one logical construct; individual BGP flow hashing and circuit health still affect realized traffic distribution; the scenario instead needs an action that will encrypt eligible physical DX frames.
D:A private DX connection supplies dedicated network connectivity but does not inherently guarantee end-to-end payload encryption for all services; overlay encryption must be deliberately deployed when needed; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to encrypt eligible physical DX frames.
Question 991
An ALB HTTPS listener hosts three unrelated customer hostnames on the same listener port. Each has a distinct certificate, and clients send SNI. Which configuration supports the names?
- Update the ALB mutual TLS trust store with the appropriate certificate revocation list
- Configure an HTTPS target group and compatible certificates/listeners on the targets
- Attach multiple compatible certificates to the ALB listener's certificate list for SNI selection
- Select a supported ALB listener security policy that excludes disallowed legacy TLS protocols
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:Server Name Indication lets the load balancer choose the appropriate configured certificate for the requested hostname without requiring one public IP per certificate.
Incorrect Answers
A:ALB mutual TLS verification can consult configured CRLs in its trust store; relying only on an unchanged CA certificate would continue accepting a nonexpired certificate unless revocation is enforced; the scenario instead needs an action that will serve distinct HTTPS certificates by hostname.
B:ALB can initiate HTTPS connections to backend targets, protecting the load-balancer-to-target segment; this is distinct from configuring a viewer-side HTTPS listener; those conditions do not produce the required result: serve distinct HTTPS certificates by hostname.
D:ALB security policies govern the protocols and ciphers accepted by its TLS listener; rotating the certificate alone does not disable old protocol versions; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to serve distinct HTTPS certificates by hostname.
Question 992
A partner whose client certificate was previously trusted by ALB mutual TLS must lose access immediately after certificate revocation. Which trust-store maintenance is relevant?
- Configure mutual TLS on an HTTPS listener of an Application Load Balancer
- Update the ALB mutual TLS trust store with the appropriate certificate revocation list
- Select a supported ALB listener security policy that excludes disallowed legacy TLS protocols
- Attach multiple compatible certificates to the ALB listener's certificate list for SNI selection
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:ALB mutual TLS verification can consult configured CRLs in its trust store; relying only on an unchanged CA certificate would continue accepting a nonexpired certificate unless revocation is enforced.
Incorrect Answers
A:ALB mutual authentication can verify client certificates for inbound HTTPS sessions while preserving the ability to apply application-layer listener rules; those conditions do not produce the required result: reject revoked TLS client certificates.
C:ALB security policies govern the protocols and ciphers accepted by its TLS listener; rotating the certificate alone does not disable old protocol versions; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to reject revoked TLS client certificates.
D:Server Name Indication lets the load balancer choose the appropriate configured certificate for the requested hostname without requiring one public IP per certificate; it is not the action that directly makes the system reject revoked TLS client certificates.
Question 993
An enterprise must distinguish deliberately refused network connections from silently discarded malicious packets at the egress firewall. Which AWS Network Firewall stateful action has the refusal behavior?
- Use the ALERT action, which resets every prohibited connection after logging
- Use the PASS action and rely on the client to time out
- Use REJECT for eligible traffic where an explicit refusal is required, rather than silent DROP
- Configure Route 53 DNSSEC validation to generate TCP reset packets
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:Network Firewall REJECT can actively refuse supported matching traffic, whereas DROP discards it without an affirmative rejection signal; choose behavior consistent with the application and policy.
Incorrect Answers
A:The ALERT action records matching traffic for inspection but does not itself reject the associated TCP session or return an active refusal. It therefore cannot meet a requirement for explicit connection rejection.
B:PASS permits matching flows through the firewall rather than rejecting or dropping them. This is the opposite of an explicit refusal and does not signal rejection to the initiating client.
D:DNSSEC validation checks authenticity of DNS data and does not provide packet-level TCP reset behavior for arbitrary firewall flows.
Question 994
An S3 bucket is restricted to CloudFront origin access control, but objects encrypted with a customer-managed KMS key return AccessDenied. Which policy scope commonly needs correction?
- Enforce HTTPS between viewers and CloudFront and set the CloudFront custom-origin protocol policy to HTTPS Only
- Use CloudFront signed cookies scoped to the relevant protected resources
- Switch to the S3 REST bucket origin and use CloudFront origin access control with a restrictive bucket policy
- Permit the CloudFront distribution principal the required KMS key usage through a suitably constrained key policy
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:OAC signs S3 origin requests, but SSE-KMS data access additionally requires KMS authorization; an S3 bucket policy alone cannot grant use of an otherwise denied key.
Incorrect Answers
A:Viewer protocol rules protect the first hop, while the custom-origin protocol policy controls encryption between CloudFront and the ALB; the origin must serve a certificate valid for the requested origin name; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to permit CloudFront access to KMS-encrypted S3 objects.
B:Signed cookies let CloudFront authorize a viewer to access a set of protected files based on policy and signature, appropriate when a session fetches multiple related objects; it is not the action that directly makes the system permit CloudFront access to KMS-encrypted S3 objects.
C:S3 website endpoints are custom HTTP origins and do not support OAC; the regional REST endpoint can accept CloudFront-signed origin requests while public S3 access remains blocked; that still would not establish the requested outcome: permit CloudFront access to KMS-encrypted S3 objects.
Question 995
CloudFront returns HTTP 502 only when connecting to one custom HTTPS origin. The origin certificate has expired and no longer matches the origin hostname. What must be corrected?
- Replace the custom-origin TLS certificate with a currently valid certificate matching the configured origin domain
- Enforce HTTPS between viewers and CloudFront and set the CloudFront custom-origin protocol policy to HTTPS Only
- Monitor and replace imported ACM certificates before expiration because ACM does not automatically renew imported certificates
- Create an AWS Private Certificate Authority and integrate certificate issuance with approved workloads
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:CloudFront validates HTTPS connections to custom origins, so an expired or mismatched certificate can prevent origin negotiation and lead to a 502 even when viewer-side TLS works.
Incorrect Answers
B:Viewer protocol rules protect the first hop, while the custom-origin protocol policy controls encryption between CloudFront and the ALB; the origin must serve a certificate valid for the requested origin name; that still would not establish the requested outcome: repair invalid TLS identity at a CDN custom origin.
C:Imported certificates are managed by the owner for renewal and re-import, unlike eligible ACM-issued certificates whose automated renewal conditions may be satisfied; the scenario instead needs an action that will repair invalid TLS identity at a CDN custom origin.
D:ACM Private CA provides private trust roots for internal certificates, unlike public ACM certificates that require public domain validation and publicly trusted naming; those conditions do not produce the required result: repair invalid TLS identity at a CDN custom origin.
Question 996
A Network Firewall policy uses strict stateful rule order and the Drop established default action. The team expects dropped sessions to appear in alert logs but finds no such alerts. What logging detail explains this?
- Flow Logs must be disabled before Network Firewall alert logs can be emitted
- A stateful default Drop established action does not itself generate alert logs; enable a suitable default alert action and firewall logging
- Rule evaluation changes from strict order to default order automatically when logging is enabled
- Adding an S3 gateway endpoint guarantees that Network Firewall emits an alert for every drop
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:With strict ordering, default Drop established alone can silently drop established flows. A corresponding default alert action plus an enabled logging destination is needed to capture those default-action drops.
Incorrect Answers
A:VPC Flow Logs and Network Firewall logging can both be enabled; collecting one does not require disabling the other.
C:Logging configuration does not change a policy's configured strict versus action order into another rule-evaluation mode.
D:S3 gateway endpoints change S3 traffic routing and have no general effect on alert generation by stateful firewall default actions.
Question 997
An IPsec tunnel continues to authenticate using a pre-shared key shared by too many support staff. Security wants periodic credential changes without rotating unrelated VPC routing policies. What should be maintained?
- Verify that both VPN peers use the currently configured pre-shared key or authentication material
- Assign nonoverlapping valid inside IPv4 tunnel CIDRs to each VPN tunnel
- Configure BGP using the inside tunnel addresses and AWS peer ASN supplied for that VPN tunnel
- Rotate the VPN tunnel pre-shared keys through the supported VPN tunnel-option workflow and coordinate customer gateway changes
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:PSK rotation changes tunnel authentication material; routing policies and BGP prefixes can remain logically independent while tunnel reestablishment must be planned.
Incorrect Answers
A:IKE authentication depends on matching configured credentials and compatible proposals; reachability to the outside addresses does not prove those credentials agree; the scenario instead needs an action that will rotate IPsec authentication credentials safely.
B:The inside addresses identify separate point-to-point BGP interfaces and must not collide; reusing the same inside tunnel CIDR makes distinct neighbor and forwarding contexts ambiguous; those conditions do not produce the required result: rotate IPsec authentication credentials safely.
C:IPsec tunnel establishment authenticates the encrypted underlay; dynamic route exchange requires a separate BGP session with the correct neighbors and ASN over the tunnel interfaces; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to rotate IPsec authentication credentials safely.
Question 998
An application must use HTTPS from an ALB to registered EC2 targets rather than ending encryption only at the load balancer. Which ALB target-group setting addresses the second leg?
- Configure mutual TLS on an HTTPS listener of an Application Load Balancer
- Configure an HTTPS target group and compatible certificates/listeners on the targets
- Enable an Application Load Balancer target-group slow-start duration
- Configure the target group's deregistration delay
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:ALB can initiate HTTPS connections to backend targets, protecting the load-balancer-to-target segment; this is distinct from configuring a viewer-side HTTPS listener.
Incorrect Answers
A:ALB mutual authentication can verify client certificates for inbound HTTPS sessions while preserving the ability to apply application-layer listener rules; those conditions do not produce the required result: encrypt ALB-to-EC2 traffic.
C:Slow start gradually increases traffic sent to a newly healthy target during its configured warm-up interval, limiting sudden load as the replacement becomes ready; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to encrypt ALB-to-EC2 traffic.
D:The deregistration delay sets how long a deregistering target can continue draining existing requests before being fully removed from service; it is not the action that directly makes the system encrypt ALB-to-EC2 traffic.
Question 999
An ALB security assessment finds that old TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1 clients can still negotiate HTTPS. The organization mandates modern TLS versions on the public listener. What should be updated?
- Update the ALB mutual TLS trust store with the appropriate certificate revocation list
- Select a supported ALB listener security policy that excludes disallowed legacy TLS protocols
- Configure mutual TLS on an HTTPS listener of an Application Load Balancer
- Attach multiple compatible certificates to the ALB listener's certificate list for SNI selection
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:ALB security policies govern the protocols and ciphers accepted by its TLS listener; rotating the certificate alone does not disable old protocol versions.
Incorrect Answers
A:ALB mutual TLS verification can consult configured CRLs in its trust store; relying only on an unchanged CA certificate would continue accepting a nonexpired certificate unless revocation is enforced; it changes a different aspect of the architecture rather than fulfilling the need to enforce a modern minimum TLS version.
C:ALB mutual authentication can verify client certificates for inbound HTTPS sessions while preserving the ability to apply application-layer listener rules; it is not the action that directly makes the system enforce a modern minimum TLS version.
D:Server Name Indication lets the load balancer choose the appropriate configured certificate for the requested hostname without requiring one public IP per certificate; that still would not establish the requested outcome: enforce a modern minimum TLS version.
Question 1000
An HTTPS application uses an ACM imported certificate on an ALB. The certificate expires after a vendor misses its renewal window. Which operational fact matters?
- Replace the custom-origin TLS certificate with a currently valid certificate matching the configured origin domain
- Request or import the CloudFront viewer certificate in US East (N. Virginia)
- Create an AWS Private Certificate Authority and integrate certificate issuance with approved workloads
- Monitor and replace imported ACM certificates before expiration because ACM does not automatically renew imported certificates
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:Imported certificates are managed by the owner for renewal and re-import, unlike eligible ACM-issued certificates whose automated renewal conditions may be satisfied.
Incorrect Answers
A:CloudFront validates HTTPS connections to custom origins, so an expired or mismatched certificate can prevent origin negotiation and lead to a 502 even when viewer-side TLS works; the operational gap would remain because the question requires a way to manage expiry of imported load balancer certificates.
B:CloudFront custom viewer certificates managed by ACM are sourced from us-east-1 even if the distribution's origins and application workloads run elsewhere; it is not the action that directly makes the system manage expiry of imported load balancer certificates.
C:ACM Private CA provides private trust roots for internal certificates, unlike public ACM certificates that require public domain validation and publicly trusted naming; that still would not establish the requested outcome: manage expiry of imported load balancer certificates.