Question 480
An enterprise deploys a new private root and clients reject its issued certificates as untrusted. Which action provides the required behavior?
- Use AWS Private CA with an appropriate internal certificate lifecycle
- Request an ACM public certificate with successful domain validation
- Define AWS Private CA subordinate CA and issuance controls
- Distribute the private CA trust anchor to intended client trust stores
- Revoke the affected private CA certificate and publish supported revocation information
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:The approach establishes certificate-chain trust for privately issued endpoint certificates; server-side certificate installation alone does not make clients trust a private issuer, directly enabling accepted private-service TLS validation in this situation.
Incorrect Answers
A:Although this setting issues certificates chained to an organization-controlled private trust anchor, public browser trust is not automatic for a private root CA; this concerns private PKI identities for internal endpoints, not the specified accepted private-service TLS validation.
B:The proposed action obtains publicly trusted certificates for supported integrated services; a certificate from an internal private CA is not automatically trusted by internet browsers, supporting public domain TLS identity and trust but leaving accepted private-service TLS validation unmet.
C:This approach delegates private certificate issuance within a governed PKI hierarchy; a single unrestricted public certificate issuance workflow cannot enforce internal machine identity policy, which helps with controlled workload certificate identities instead of delivering accepted private-service TLS validation.
E:Although this setting tells relying parties that the compromised certificate should no longer be trusted, merely removing the certificate from one server does not invalidate all copies; this concerns controlled PKI response to exposed keys, not the specified accepted private-service TLS validation.
Question 481
An on-premises subnet 172.20.0.0/16 should traverse a VGW but the VPC application subnet has no destination entry. Which option should the architect select?
- Add the correct static routes to the Site-to-Site VPN configuration and associated route tables
- Change the workload subnet route to send the customer CIDRs to the transit gateway
- Add or propagate a route for 172.20.0.0/16 to the virtual private gateway
- Remove or filter the obsolete BGP announcement on the customer router
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:The approach directs VPC traffic for the customer network toward the hybrid termination; VPN negotiation success by itself does not update every VPC subnet route table, directly enabling outbound VPC routing toward the customer CIDR in this situation.
Incorrect Answers
A:This alternative lists reachability explicitly when dynamic routing is not used; dynamic BGP route learning would require a compatible customer gateway and VPN configuration, so it addresses static hybrid prefix coverage rather than the required outbound VPC routing toward the customer CIDR.
B:Although this setting makes return packets follow the intended private hybrid route, NAT internet egress cannot substitute for a routable customer network attachment; this concerns correct workload-side return path to on premises, not the specified outbound VPC routing toward the customer CIDR.
D:This approach prevents AWS from learning a route to a nonexistent destination; VPC security groups do not delete advertisements from the external routing control plane, which helps with withdrawal of invalid customer routes instead of delivering outbound VPC routing toward the customer CIDR.
Question 482
An SD-WAN provider needs GRE-based attachments from virtual routers in a VPC into Transit Gateway using BGP. Which option should the architect select?
- Use Transit Gateway Connect and Connect peers
- Use Generic Routing Encapsulation between compatible network devices
- Encapsulate branch traffic in IPsec VPN tunnels
- Peer the virtual routers with Transit Gateway Connect using BGP
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:With this choice, the selected action transports GRE overlay traffic and exchanges routes over BGP with compatible appliances; a simple VPC attachment alone does not establish GRE Connect peers, providing native transit attachment for SD-WAN overlays for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
B:This alternative wraps IP traffic inside GRE for overlay forwarding; IPsec provides cryptographic protections but is not the same as a plain GRE transport, so it addresses protocol encapsulation for an overlay tunnel rather than the required native transit attachment for SD-WAN overlays.
C:Although this setting adds IP-layer encryption and peer authentication across the intervening network, GRE alone provides encapsulation without confidentiality; this concerns encrypted overlay communications, not the specified native transit attachment for SD-WAN overlays.
D:The proposed action allows the appliance to advertise and learn supported network routes over GRE peers; an ALB does not exchange overlay routing control-plane updates, supporting routed integration of SD-WAN appliances but leaving native transit attachment for SD-WAN overlays unmet.
Question 483
An NLB is terminating TLS but an operator needs details about negotiated TLS handshakes. How should this network requirement be implemented?
- Enable appropriate NLB TLS access logging where supported
- Inspect CloudFront access logs or real-time logs and result types
- Compare configured health-check protocol, path, port, and matcher with the target's responses
- Analyze ALB access logs including target status and processing information
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:The approach records connection-level TLS listener metadata for analysis; an ordinary HTTP ALB access-log schema is not the same as NLB TLS logs, directly enabling NLB TLS session audit data in this situation.
Incorrect Answers
B:This approach shows edge request handling and cache result information; direct EC2 host logs omit requests satisfied entirely at the CDN, which helps with identifying caching and origin-fetch behavior instead of delivering NLB TLS session audit data.
C:This alternative tests exactly the request used for health evaluation; process liveness does not guarantee the configured health route returns a passing status, so it addresses source of health-check mismatch rather than the required NLB TLS session audit data.
D:Although this setting records request and target-response context from HTTP ingress, VPC Flow Logs cannot decode response status and request URL; this concerns distinguishing load-balancer errors from target failures, not the specified NLB TLS session audit data.
Question 484
A Route 53 Resolver outbound endpoint successfully forwards small UDP DNS queries to on-premises resolvers. Larger responses set the truncation flag, and retries that require TCP/53 time out at the endpoint's security group. What change should the operator make?
- Allow the required outbound and return DNS transport flows over TCP port 53 between the Resolver endpoint and approved DNS servers
- Disable all DNS forwarding rules and publish the full corporate zone as a public Route 53 hosted zone
- Increase the VPC DNS query-log retention to 365 days
- Create a gateway endpoint for Amazon S3 in the endpoint's subnet
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:DNS may fall back to TCP when UDP responses are truncated or when a response requires TCP transport. Network controls for the outbound Resolver endpoint must allow both protocols when the DNS servers and workloads rely on this fallback.
Incorrect Answers
B:Replacing internal corporate forwarding with a public zone changes the intended private namespace and does not repair blocked TCP DNS transport on the configured hybrid link.
C:Logging retention affects historical investigations, not whether a TCP connection to the corporate resolver is permitted. It cannot unblock transport for truncated replies.
D:An S3 gateway endpoint modifies access routes to S3 and has no role in the TCP/53 communication between Route 53 Resolver and private DNS servers.
Question 485
An appliance registered to GWLB fails a health check despite processing some traffic and users are routed away. What is the most suitable design or configuration?
- Enable TGW appliance mode for the firewall attachment
- Correct the appliance health-check response and target-group settings
- Configure compatible GWLB flow stickiness and symmetric routing
- Use Gateway Load Balancer endpoint services with consumer endpoints
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:With this choice, the selected action determines whether GWLB continues forwarding to an inspection target; merely scaling instance count will not fix health checks pointing to the wrong port, providing healthy-appliance registration for transparent inspection for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
A:The proposed action preserves compatible AZ selection for a flow passing through an inspection VPC; GWLB appliance health awareness does not automatically configure TGW AZ affinity, supporting zone-consistent stateful traffic processing but leaving healthy-appliance registration for transparent inspection unmet.
C:This alternative maintains consistent flow-to-appliance steering under the selected stickiness setting; different appliances cannot reliably share unreplicated per-flow state, so it addresses correct stateful session inspection across the appliance fleet rather than the required healthy-appliance registration for transparent inspection.
D:Although this setting attaches private traffic-insertion endpoints to GWLB-backed inspection capacity, conventional PrivateLink interface endpoints are not transparent GWLB route targets; this concerns private shared-appliance service insertion, not the specified healthy-appliance registration for transparent inspection.
Question 486
A regulated network needs evidence of how a subnet NACL changed over time. Which action directly resolves the stated problem?
- Use an AWS Config managed or custom rule evaluating the relevant SG rules
- Deploy AWS Config conformance packs with suitable account or organization targets
- Use Config evaluation events with EventBridge-driven notification or remediation
- Record the supported NACL resource types with AWS Config configuration history
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:With this choice, the selected action tracks resource configuration states and change relationships; CloudTrail helps show who invoked API calls but not every consolidated configuration snapshot, providing historical audit of subnet boundary policy changes for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
A:Although this setting checks recorded security-group configuration for a defined compliance condition, a CloudWatch CPU alarm cannot assess IAM or security-group policy semantics; this concerns automatic identification of risky admin port exposure, not the specified historical audit of subnet boundary policy changes.
B:The proposed action groups compliance rule checks into consistent policy baselines; an individual ad hoc query does not deploy the set of ongoing evaluations, supporting reusable multi-account network compliance assessment but leaving historical audit of subnet boundary policy changes unmet.
C:This approach responds to detected noncompliant resource configuration; a VPC flow log event is not a direct declaration that resource configuration violates a policy, which helps with automated handling of disallowed internet exposure instead of delivering historical audit of subnet boundary policy changes.
Question 487
A security team already records all VPC subnet ACL configurations with AWS Config. It now needs an alert within minutes when an ACL is changed to allow inbound traffic from 0.0.0.0/0 on TCP 22. Which approach provides event-driven notification instead of waiting for the next compliance evaluation?
- Reduce the subnet's VPC Flow Logs aggregation interval to one minute
- Match the relevant EC2 network ACL change API calls in EventBridge and publish an alert through an SNS target
- Enable connection tracking on the network ACL and alarm on its state
- Add a Route 53 Resolver query-log subscription for the subnet
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:CloudTrail captures the EC2 management API event, and EventBridge rules can match that event pattern for near-real-time notification. The team can notify an SNS topic without depending on a periodic AWS Config evaluation cycle.
Incorrect Answers
A:Flow Logs record connection-level data-plane events, not EC2 network ACL configuration API activity. Shorter aggregation does not identify which administrator changed an ACL or create a configuration alert.
C:Network ACLs are stateless; they do not offer per-connection tracking or a connection-tracking status metric. The proposed control cannot observe edits to individual numbered ACL entries.
D:Resolver query logs describe DNS requests from associated VPC resources. Changing a subnet ACL is a management-plane operation and does not produce a DNS lookup record for the modified entry.
Question 488
An egress firewall uses URL categorization while other teams rely on DNS Firewall for blocked domains. What is the best next configuration decision?
- Route approved egress through Transit Gateway to the centralized inspection and NAT path
- Point application clients to the explicit proxy and restrict direct egress routes or security rules
- Omit broad internet default routes and provision approved private VPC endpoints
- Put DNS filtering and network traffic inspection at their appropriate control points
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:With this choice, the selected action uses resolver domain controls and a routed firewall for separate egress risks; blocking DNS alone may be bypassed by clients using direct IP destinations or other resolvers, providing layered outbound destination restriction for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
A:The proposed action consolidates outbound forwarding through a governed security choke point; independent NAT gateways in spokes would bypass the central inspection path, supporting controlled internet egress from multiple VPCs but leaving layered outbound destination restriction unmet.
B:This approach makes proxy policy the approved path for application web requests; a NAT gateway translates addresses but cannot enforce enterprise proxy authentication, which helps with authenticated policy-enforced web egress instead of delivering layered outbound destination restriction.
C:This alternative exposes specific AWS service destinations without opening general egress; an internet gateway with permissive routes would create a broader network path, so it addresses service-specific private outbound connectivity rather than the required layered outbound destination restriction.
Question 489
A CloudFront viewer reports a cache miss for a frequently requested object and the performance team wants evidence. What should the network specialist configure?
- Inspect the Route 53 health check result and target or alarm condition
- Inspect CloudFront access logs or real-time logs and result types
- Analyze ALB access logs including target status and processing information
- Enable appropriate NLB TLS access logging where supported
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:This configuration shows edge request handling and cache result information; direct EC2 host logs omit requests satisfied entirely at the CDN, so it delivers identifying caching and origin-fetch behavior under the stated constraints.
Incorrect Answers
A:Although this setting establishes which configured health evidence caused primary DNS selection to fail, server power state is not equivalent to the configured application's health signal; this concerns root cause of unexpected DNS failover, not the specified identifying caching and origin-fetch behavior.
C:This approach records request and target-response context from HTTP ingress; VPC Flow Logs cannot decode response status and request URL, which helps with distinguishing load-balancer errors from target failures instead of delivering identifying caching and origin-fetch behavior.
D:This alternative records connection-level TLS listener metadata for analysis; an ordinary HTTP ALB access-log schema is not the same as NLB TLS logs, so it addresses NLB TLS session audit data rather than the required identifying caching and origin-fetch behavior.
Question 490
A workload in one account cannot connect to a third-party PrivateLink service because the interface endpoint ENIs block TCP 443. What is the most suitable design or configuration?
- Establish a VPC peering connection instead of publishing an endpoint service
- Modify the interface endpoint security group to allow the client connections
- Configure verified private DNS for the service and enable the consumer endpoint setting
- Restrict allowed service principals and require endpoint connection acceptance
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:With this choice, the selected action permits traffic to reach the private endpoint interface addresses; an endpoint can be active while its ENI security groups reject packets, providing security-group-authorized PrivateLink client access for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
A:This alternative creates direct private routing between two VPC address spaces rather than publishing one TCP service; VPC peering cannot join networks with overlapping address ranges, so it addresses broad bidirectional VPC routing for nonoverlapping networks rather than the required security-group-authorized PrivateLink client access.
C:The proposed action maps the published service DNS name to endpoint IPs when the VPC resolver is used; the provider must verify domain ownership before the custom private DNS name is active, supporting transparent private service hostname resolution but leaving security-group-authorized PrivateLink client access unmet.
D:This approach controls who can request and receive a functioning endpoint-service connection; network routing alone cannot enforce the service provider's attachment approval workflow, which helps with provider-approved PrivateLink access instead of delivering security-group-authorized PrivateLink client access.