Question 390
Sensitive fields from a payment form pass through several backend services after CloudFront terminates HTTPS. Only the payment processor should decrypt those selected field values. Which CloudFront feature can add this protection?
- Change only the CloudFront viewer TLS policy and leave the sensitive field values unchanged behind the edge
- Renew the public TLS certificate and let every backend service read the plaintext form fields
- Forward raw TCP through an NLB instead of using the already established CloudFront request pipeline
- Configure CloudFront field-level encryption using the processor’s public key and a field-encryption profile
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:CloudFront field-level encryption encrypts selected request fields at the edge using a configured public key. Intermediate systems see ciphertext while the payment processor holds the private key needed to recover the fields.
Incorrect Answers
A:Viewer HTTPS secures the client-to-edge hop but does not keep payment form fields encrypted from intermediate trusted-but-unnecessary backend processors.
B:TLS secures communication links but, after TLS termination, authorized intermediate services may still see the unprotected fields.
C:TCP pass-through changes the network entry architecture, whereas the requirement is selective field confidentiality after CloudFront edge processing.
Question 391
A CDN serves a sensitive application. Security policy requires HTTPS both from viewers to the edge and from the edge to the custom origin; the public DNS zone is already DNSSEC-signed but still lacks a parental chain-of-trust DS record. Which THREE configurations are appropriate? Choose THREE.
- Set the CloudFront custom origin protocol policy to HTTPS only and ensure the origin certificate is valid
- Choose CloudFront HTTPS-only viewer protocol policy
- Publish the matching delegation signer information through the registrar or parent zone
- Use AWS Private Certificate Authority with AWS Certificate Manager integration
- Define a TLS listener with an ACM certificate on Network Load Balancer
- Implement Site-to-Site VPN private IP VPN using Direct Connect and a Transit Gateway
Explanation
Correct Answers
A:CloudFront-to-origin TLS is configured separately from viewer TLS, and the origin must support a trusted TLS handshake; this covers the HTTPS protection from CDN to custom origin component of the combined scenario.
B:HTTPS-only rejects unencrypted viewer requests rather than silently accepting HTTP access; this covers the enforcement of encrypted CDN viewer transport component of the combined scenario.
C:DNSSEC validators follow linked trust records from parent to child; a signed child zone without the parent linkage cannot establish the intended chain; this covers the validated public DNSSEC chain of trust component of the combined scenario.
Incorrect Answers
D:In the managed private PKI for internal service TLS workflow, private CA creates organization-controlled certificate hierarchies for internal identities, unlike public certificate issuance tied to publicly validated domains; the current case needs CloudFront two-hop TLS and signed-zone DS trust chain.
E:This produces centralized TLS termination for a network load balancer: An NLB TLS listener performs managed handshake termination on the front-end, separate from raw TCP passthrough; the stem instead tests CloudFront two-hop TLS and signed-zone DS trust chain.
F:For private-endpoint encryption over a Direct Connect transit architecture, private IP VPN provides IPsec inside appropriate dedicated transit connectivity without depending on public tunnel endpoint addresses; however, the present requirement is CloudFront two-hop TLS and signed-zone DS trust chain.
Question 392
A company wants an internal service to require client certificates from authorized devices, not merely server-side TLS. Which control fits?
- Implement mutual TLS at a compatible ingress or the service itself, with trusted client CA material
- Use controlled private-certificate issuance, renewal, deployment, and revocation procedures
- Configure AWS Site-to-Site VPN with supported IKE and IPsec parameters
- Use AWS Private Certificate Authority with AWS Certificate Manager integration
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:Mutual TLS authenticates both endpoints through certificates, whereas ordinary HTTPS primarily authenticates the server.
Incorrect Answers
B:Private PKI ownership includes lifecycle operations; installing a certificate once is not enough to maintain trustworthy TLS identities; this belongs to managed lifecycle of internal certificate credentials, while the problem is client identity verification during TLS establishment.
C:Site-to-Site VPN encrypts network-layer traffic between tunnel endpoints, protecting many routed applications without per-service proxying; this changes network-wide IPsec encryption across corporate connectivity, not the necessary client identity verification during TLS establishment.
D:In the managed private PKI for internal service TLS workflow, private CA creates organization-controlled certificate hierarchies for internal identities, unlike public certificate issuance tied to publicly validated domains; the current case needs client identity verification during TLS establishment.
Question 393
A web server must support revocation and automated replacement of expiring certificates managed by a private enterprise CA. Which operational process is essential?
- Use controlled private-certificate issuance, renewal, deployment, and revocation procedures
- Use AWS Private Certificate Authority with AWS Certificate Manager integration
- Attach an ACM-issued or imported certificate to the ALB HTTPS listener
- Use eligible ACM public certificates with managed renewal on integrated services
- Implement mutual TLS at a compatible ingress or the service itself, with trusted client CA material
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:Private PKI ownership includes lifecycle operations; installing a certificate once is not enough to maintain trustworthy TLS identities.
Incorrect Answers
B:Private CA creates organization-controlled certificate hierarchies for internal identities, unlike public certificate issuance tied to publicly validated domains; this belongs to managed private PKI for internal service TLS, while the problem is managed lifecycle of internal certificate credentials.
C:An HTTPS listener negotiates TLS with clients using a configured certificate, protecting the client-to-ALB hop; this changes TLS encryption from browser to application ingress, not the necessary managed lifecycle of internal certificate credentials.
D:In the managed lifecycle of publicly trusted service certificates workflow, ACM automates issuance and renewal for supported domain-validated public certificates used by compatible AWS endpoints; the current case needs managed lifecycle of internal certificate credentials.
E:This produces client identity verification during TLS establishment: Mutual TLS authenticates both endpoints through certificates, whereas ordinary HTTPS primarily authenticates the server; the stem instead tests managed lifecycle of internal certificate credentials.
Question 394
A load balancer has an expired certificate while target health checks remain green. Which issue should operations fix first?
- Define a TLS listener with an ACM certificate on Network Load Balancer
- Renew and attach the valid listener TLS certificate matching the requested hostname
- Configure ALB mutual TLS with the appropriate trust store and verification settings
- Enforce TLS on the target connection and use appropriate application certificate validation
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:Target health evaluates backend responsiveness, not the validity of the public listener identity presented to clients.
Incorrect Answers
A:An NLB TLS listener performs managed handshake termination on the front-end, separate from raw TCP passthrough; that addresses centralized TLS termination for a network load balancer, rather than restoration of authenticated frontend TLS.
C:Mutual TLS lets the listener validate a client's presented certificate against the configured trust material before HTTP forwarding; this changes certificate-based client authentication at HTTP ingress, not the necessary restoration of authenticated frontend TLS.
D:In the protected backend network hop for sensitive request payloads workflow, end-to-end transit protection requires consideration of both listener and target segments rather than securing just the public listener; the current case needs restoration of authenticated frontend TLS.
Question 395
An ALB terminates browser TLS and forwards confidential requests to private EC2 targets. Policy requires TLS on both hops. Which TWO listener or target configurations are needed? Choose TWO.
- Choose CloudFront HTTPS-only viewer protocol policy
- Forward raw TCP through NLB and let the application terminate TLS
- Attach an ACM-issued or imported certificate to the ALB HTTPS listener
- Use MACsec for supported direct Ethernet link encryption and IPsec for routed tunnel encryption
- Configure an HTTPS target group and compatible target certificates or listeners for backend encryption
Explanation
Correct Answers
C:An HTTPS listener negotiates TLS with clients using a configured certificate, protecting the client-to-ALB hop; this covers the TLS encryption from browser to application ingress component of the combined scenario.
E:TLS termination at the ALB does not guarantee encryption on the second hop; the target connection must independently use HTTPS; this covers the encryption on both sides of an application load balancer component of the combined scenario.
Incorrect Answers
A:HTTPS-only rejects unencrypted viewer requests rather than silently accepting HTTP access; that addresses enforcement of encrypted CDN viewer transport, rather than ALB listener and target-hop HTTPS.
B:A TCP listener does not act as an application TLS endpoint, preserving end-to-end negotiation with the backend; this belongs to application-owned certificate and TLS endpoint, while the problem is ALB listener and target-hop HTTPS.
D:In the accurate encryption scope of link versus routed tunnel workflow, MACsec protects an eligible local Ethernet segment while IPsec creates authenticated encrypted tunnels across a network path; the current case needs ALB listener and target-hop HTTPS.
Question 396
A private S3 bucket should accept client uploads over TLS rather than HTTP even when credentials are valid. What resource policy can enforce encryption in transit?
- Choose CloudFront HTTPS-only viewer protocol policy
- The CloudFront-to-origin network segment carries application data without TLS protection
- Add an S3 bucket policy denying requests when the secure-transport condition is false
- Configure an HTTPS target group and compatible target certificates or listeners for backend encryption
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:The secure-transport condition can reject unencrypted HTTP requests at the resource boundary independently of IAM authentication.
Incorrect Answers
A:HTTPS-only rejects unencrypted viewer requests rather than silently accepting HTTP access; that addresses enforcement of encrypted CDN viewer transport, rather than server-side enforcement of HTTPS for object access.
B:Encryption to the edge terminates at CloudFront; the independent origin leg needs HTTPS to protect data along that hop; this belongs to identifying an unencrypted origin retrieval path, while the problem is server-side enforcement of HTTPS for object access.
D:In the encryption on both sides of an application load balancer workflow, TLS termination at the ALB does not guarantee encryption on the second hop; the target connection must independently use HTTPS; the current case needs server-side enforcement of HTTPS for object access.
Question 397
A security officer asks if an encrypted Site-to-Site VPN guarantees TLS authentication to the actual target web application. What response is correct?
- Configure AWS Site-to-Site VPN with supported IKE and IPsec parameters
- Assume IPsec tunnel authentication automatically authenticates the destination HTTPS application
- Add supported Site-to-Site VPN over the Direct Connect path or another explicitly approved encryption layer
- Keep application TLS authentication in addition to the IPsec tunnel where endpoint identity is required
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:IPsec protects between network gateways, while application TLS validates the service endpoint and protects data beyond the tunnel termination.
Incorrect Answers
A:Site-to-Site VPN encrypts network-layer traffic between tunnel endpoints, protecting many routed applications without per-service proxying; that addresses network-wide IPsec encryption across corporate connectivity, rather than complementary network-layer and application-layer trust.
B:IKE/IPsec authenticate tunnel peers, not the identity of the web service reached beyond a VPN endpoint. Application TLS identity checks are separate.
C:Private transport and IPsec encryption are different protections; Direct Connect alone does not imply an IPsec tunnel; this changes cryptographic confidentiality of hybrid private-line packets, not the necessary complementary network-layer and application-layer trust.
Question 398
A forensic analyst wants to correlate an unexpected security-group deletion with the exact API caller and assumed role. Which option should the architect select?
- Match relevant CloudTrail events with EventBridge and send notifications
- Inspect CloudTrail user identity and request details for the delete event
- Enable CloudTrail log file integrity validation and protect the archive
- Configure an organization trail with central delivery and appropriate event coverage
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:This configuration identifies the credential context used for the control-plane action; packet mirror traces cannot establish IAM API identity, so it delivers accountable origin of a network policy deletion under the stated constraints.
Incorrect Answers
A:The proposed action converts control-plane audit events into automated responses; manually reviewing monthly log archives would not meet response-time requirements, supporting prompt detection of forbidden route modifications but leaving accountable origin of a network policy deletion unmet.
C:This alternative supports detecting tampering with delivered log file digests; encryption at rest alone does not prove the historical log sequence was unchanged, so it addresses integrity-verifiable network audit history rather than the required accountable origin of a network policy deletion.
D:Although this setting collects management events across included accounts under centralized governance, configuring an individual trail in a single account leaves coverage gaps; this concerns organization-wide configuration change evidence, not the specified accountable origin of a network policy deletion.
Question 399
A Direct Connect interface shows up but all BGP peering sessions remain idle. Which change is the most appropriate?
- Review Direct Connect connection capacity and port-hour billing components
- Compare VLAN tags, peer addressing, ASN values, and ACLs
- Inspect DX gateway associations, allowed prefixes, and relevant VGW/TGW route tables
- Check light levels, patching, and the cross-connect against the LOA-CFA
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:With this choice, the selected action checks the logical and IP-level parameters needed for BGP adjacency; link-state success does not establish that the VIF tags or neighbor addresses match, providing established VIF BGP sessions despite a working physical link for the network described.
Incorrect Answers
A:Although this setting relates recurring line charges to the dedicated or hosted port allocation, VPC Flow Logs do not provide a breakdown of DX port-hour commitments; this concerns identification of Direct Connect recurring cost drivers, not the specified established VIF BGP sessions despite a working physical link.
C:This approach traces which prefixes are permitted and installed along the hybrid path; BGP up alone does not prove every destination is advertised or forwarded, which helps with usable private VIF reachability for intended networks instead of delivering established VIF BGP sessions despite a working physical link.
D:This alternative diagnoses layer-one connectivity before investigating overlay routes; a VPC route cannot bring an optically down interface online, so it addresses physical link establishment at the DX handoff rather than the required established VIF BGP sessions despite a working physical link.
Question 400
A global static website is overwhelmed by repeated edge-reachable object requests from many regions. How should this network requirement be implemented?
- Use AWS Shield Standard protections built into eligible AWS infrastructure
- Cache eligible responses through CloudFront with suitable protections
- Use Shield Advanced event visibility and configured notifications
- Use AWS WAF rules alongside Shield DDoS defenses
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:The approach distributes content delivery across the CDN edge infrastructure; forcing all requests directly to one EC2 origin retains a central bottleneck, directly enabling scalable edge absorption of repeated web requests in this situation.
Incorrect Answers
A:This alternative supplies baseline protection against common network and transport DDoS events; a custom WAF rule is not a general replacement for underlying network volumetric mitigation, so it addresses default AWS DDoS protection coverage rather than the required scalable edge absorption of repeated web requests.
C:The proposed action tracks observed DDoS attack events for protected resources; generic application logs alone may not classify infrastructure-level DDoS events, supporting auditable advanced DDoS response monitoring but leaving scalable edge absorption of repeated web requests unmet.
D:This approach filters application-layer requests based on HTTP properties; pure network-layer shielding cannot express arbitrary header or URI rules, which helps with layer-seven request mitigation in a DDoS defense strategy instead of delivering scalable edge absorption of repeated web requests.