Question 220
A platform team must gradually switch between TGW route configurations while preserving a documented rollback plan. Which practice best supports this?
- Review stack events and the rollback state before retrying controlled changes
- Manage route tables in versioned infrastructure-as-code templates with reviewable change sets
- Use AWS CloudFormation StackSets with organization-aware deployment targets
- Version route-table IaC and deploy changes through staged pipelines with rollback points
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:Versioned deployment records make network policy changes reviewable and allow restoration of a previously tested desired state.
Incorrect Answers
A:CloudFormation records failing operations and attempts rollback based on configuration; blind repeats can compound partial dependencies; that addresses diagnosis of infrastructure deployment and rollback failures, rather than controlled promotion and rollback of network routing changes.
B:Versioned IaC records intended routing state and allows peer review and controlled updates before resources change; this belongs to auditable declarative network configuration, while the problem is controlled promotion and rollback of network routing changes.
C:StackSets replicate stacks to selected accounts and Regions from central administration while tracking their deployment states; this changes multi-account IaC rollout from a centralized definition, not the necessary controlled promotion and rollback of network routing changes.
Question 221
A custom network appliance API is not supported by a native CloudFormation resource. How can its configuration participate in a stack lifecycle?
- Run CloudFormation drift detection on supported stack resources
- Implement a CloudFormation custom resource backed by controlled service logic
- Review stack events and the rollback state before retrying controlled changes
- Export the subnet output and import it with supported cross-stack references
- Record configuration histories with AWS Config
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:Custom resources let stack create, update, and delete operations invoke application code to manage external configuration.
Incorrect Answers
A:Drift detection compares current resource state with template-declared properties to expose untracked manual changes; that addresses detection of manual divergence from IaC declarations, rather than IaC lifecycle support for otherwise unsupported networking APIs.
C:CloudFormation records failing operations and attempts rollback based on configuration; blind repeats can compound partial dependencies; this changes diagnosis of infrastructure deployment and rollback failures, not the necessary IaC lifecycle support for otherwise unsupported networking APIs.
D:In the dependency-safe exchange of IaC network resource identifiers workflow, cross-stack references connect stack outputs to dependent resources and reduce manual handling of dynamically assigned IDs; the current case needs IaC lifecycle support for otherwise unsupported networking APIs.
E:This produces resource-configuration history for network governance: Config tracks supported resource configuration states and history, complementing the desired-state templates used for provisioning; the stem instead tests IaC lifecycle support for otherwise unsupported networking APIs.
Question 222
A networking platform must deploy the same stacks to many accounts, inspect proposed updates before execution, and discover configuration drift from the templates. Which THREE CloudFormation capabilities serve these separate governance goals? Choose THREE.
- Model the networks in AWS Cloud Development Kit constructs
- Use the AWS SDK or AWS CLI with scoped IAM credentials
- Record configuration histories with AWS Config
- Use AWS CloudFormation StackSets with organization-aware deployment targets
- Create and review a CloudFormation change set before executing the update
- Run CloudFormation drift detection on supported stack resources
Explanation
Correct Answers
D:StackSets replicate stacks to selected accounts and Regions from central administration while tracking their deployment states; this covers the multi-account IaC rollout from a centralized definition component of the combined scenario.
E:A change set previews planned resource additions, modifications, and replacements so operators can detect unintended network disruption; this covers the previewing planned networking infrastructure changes component of the combined scenario.
F:Drift detection compares current resource state with template-declared properties to expose untracked manual changes; this covers the detection of manual divergence from IaC declarations component of the combined scenario.
Incorrect Answers
A:CDK lets developers author infrastructure in supported languages and synthesize repeatable CloudFormation deployments; that addresses programmatic generation of declarative AWS infrastructure, rather than CloudFormation StackSets, change sets, and drift detection.
B:CLI and SDK tools call AWS network control-plane APIs, enabling repeatable actions without interactive console workflows; this belongs to authenticated automation of VPC route management, while the problem is CloudFormation StackSets, change sets, and drift detection.
C:Config tracks supported resource configuration states and history, complementing the desired-state templates used for provisioning; this changes resource-configuration history for network governance, not the necessary CloudFormation StackSets, change sets, and drift detection.
Question 223
A remediation script periodically discovers security-group drift, but it changes resources without recording who approved the action. What enhancement improves governance?
- Use the AWS SDK or AWS CLI with scoped IAM credentials
- Record configuration histories with AWS Config
- Execute changes through a traceable IAM role and capture CloudTrail API audit history
- Give its execution role only the necessary TGW API permissions and resource scope
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:CloudTrail records API actions and identities, giving reviewers evidence of when authorized automation changed network configuration.
Incorrect Answers
A:CLI and SDK tools call AWS network control-plane APIs, enabling repeatable actions without interactive console workflows; that addresses authenticated automation of VPC route management, rather than auditable ownership and timing of automated network edits.
B:Config tracks supported resource configuration states and history, complementing the desired-state templates used for provisioning; this belongs to resource-configuration history for network governance, while the problem is auditable ownership and timing of automated network edits.
D:In the least-privilege permissions for network remediation code workflow, automation uses the function's IAM role, so bounded control-plane authority reduces impact if code or input is compromised; the current case needs auditable ownership and timing of automated network edits.
Question 224
An established BGP connection over Direct Connect begins withdrawing one on-premises prefix while keeping its other routes. What should operations inspect first?
- Update the enterprise prefix policy to permit only the intended AWS advertised networks
- Compare the current allowed-prefix configuration and the appropriate gateway association type
- Compare the customer router's advertised-route policy and BGP updates for the missing prefix
- Withdraw only that prefix using a router prefix-list or origination policy
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:Prefix-specific withdrawal with the session alive points to routing policy or origination changes rather than a loss of the physical circuit.
Incorrect Answers
A:BGP session establishment and route acceptance are separate stages; a filter can reject all valid prefixes without dropping the adjacency; that addresses prefix-filter diagnosis when BGP peering is established, rather than route-specific BGP advertisement troubleshooting.
B:DX gateway allowed prefixes control what is originated or filtered, and their effect differs between transit-gateway and VGW associations; this belongs to diagnosing changed Direct Connect route advertisements, while the problem is route-specific BGP advertisement troubleshooting.
D:In the selective removal of an obsolete BGP prefix workflow, prefix-scoped BGP policy removes the obsolete reachability advertisement without tearing down the entire hybrid adjacency; the current case needs route-specific BGP advertisement troubleshooting.
Question 225
A Transit Gateway route table contains an active static blackhole for 10.70.0.0/16, while a VPN propagates reachability to the same prefix. Traffic is discarded. Which route-table action addresses the problem?
- Increase BGP local preference for the VPN peer while retaining the TGW blackhole entry
- Leave the blackhole and add a second identical-prefix propagated VPN route
- Remove or replace the matching static blackhole route so the valid VPN route can forward packets
- Add an outbound VPC security-group allow rule without changing Transit Gateway routing
Explanation
Correct Answer
C:A static blackhole route instructs Transit Gateway to drop matching traffic. An equally specific propagated route cannot rescue packets while the blackhole entry takes precedence; remove or replace it after validating the intended VPN path.
Incorrect Answers
A:Local preference on an external router does not override a matching drop route inside the TGW forwarding table.
B:Equal-prefix propagation does not remove a deliberate static blackhole. The drop entry must be changed. The explicitly configured blackhole wins against merely adding a second advertisement for the same prefix.
D:Security groups evaluate ENI admission after a viable packet path exists. A blackhole in the TGW route table drops the packet earlier.
Question 226
A route to a private corporate prefix disappears from a spoke TGW route table after a VPN tunnel fails over. What should be checked?
- Audit route-propagation enablement and route-table associations for relevant VPN attachments
- Verify VPN BGP propagation and the attachment's target route-table propagation settings
- Examine the documented TGW route priority for equal-prefix static and propagated entries
- The more-specific /24 route is selected by longest-prefix match
Explanation
Correct Answer
B:Failover can change available BGP-learned paths; only propagated routes installed in the correct TGW table can reach the branch.
Incorrect Answers
A:Which prefixes enter each segmentation table is governed by its propagation settings, not merely by the existence of a branch VPN; that addresses containment of dynamically learned hybrid routes, rather than dynamic route availability after VPN path failover.
C:Same-prefix route priority differs from longest-prefix selection and determines which eligible attachment receives traffic; this changes equal-prefix route source precedence inside TGW, not the necessary dynamic route availability after VPN path failover.
D:In the longest-prefix path selection in transit routing workflow, A broad propagated aggregate does not supersede a more-specific prefix even if both are valid transit routes; the current case needs dynamic route availability after VPN path failover.
Question 227
A Transit Gateway Connect attachment exists, but its Connect peer never establishes the GRE-based transport to the on-premises router. Which network protocol must the underlying path permit?
- Allow UDP 4500 on the underlying path but continue blocking GRE
- Enable TGW propagation for the Connect routes while leaving GRE filtered
- Allow TCP port 179 on the outer transport but deny IP protocol 47
- Allow only ESP IP protocol 50 on the underlay
- Permit IP protocol 47 (GRE) across the underlying transport path to the Connect peer
Explanation
Correct Answer
E:Transit Gateway Connect uses GRE for its transport and BGP for route exchange inside the overlay. An underlying path blocking GRE prevents the peer from carrying encapsulated traffic, regardless of BGP configuration.
Incorrect Answers
A:UDP 4500 carries IPsec NAT traversal; it does not encapsulate Transit Gateway Connect traffic, which uses GRE.
B:Route-table propagation cannot establish the underlying GRE data-plane path on which the Connect peer depends.
C:BGP uses TCP 179 inside the Connect overlay; opening it on the underlay does not replace GRE encapsulation. The GRE IP protocol 47 outer packets must pass the underlying network path.
D:ESP is an IPsec encapsulation protocol. A Transit Gateway Connect peer uses GRE, so permitting ESP alone cannot bring up its GRE transport.
Question 228
A VPC peering connection is healthy, but traffic to an application in one subnet takes a blackhole default route. What should the operator verify?
- Update the subnet route target to a valid live NAT gateway in an appropriate Availability Zone
- Apply longest-prefix matching to the packet destination in the VPC route table
- Remove dependent subnet routes and verify application cutover before deleting the peer
- Ensure the subnet route table has the peer CIDR pointing to the peering connection
Explanation
Correct Answer
D:More-specific destination routes must exist in the source subnet table; peering acceptance alone does not provide them.
Incorrect Answers
A:Static VPC route targets do not automatically follow replaced network components, so an obsolete target breaks outbound forwarding; that addresses repair of dangling VPC static routes, rather than effective subnet next hop for peered VPC traffic.
B:The effective route is chosen from matching network destinations; a general route to a transit hub does not automatically override a more-specific peer route; this belongs to destination prefix match within subnet routing, while the problem is effective subnet next hop for peered VPC traffic.
C:Removing an active peer before cleaning up consumers leaves unusable routes and causes avoidable application interruptions; this changes controlled decommissioning of inter-VPC connectivity, not the necessary effective subnet next hop for peered VPC traffic.
Question 229
A Direct Connect customer router no longer learns an AWS summary after network-team changes to a DX gateway association. What should be checked?
- Compare the current allowed-prefix configuration and the appropriate gateway association type
- Compare the customer router's advertised-route policy and BGP updates for the missing prefix
- Inspect the Transit Gateway route table associated with the ingress attachment for the route to the destination
- The more-specific VPN route wins destination matching before general circuit preference
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:DX gateway allowed prefixes control what is originated or filtered, and their effect differs between transit-gateway and VGW associations.
Incorrect Answers
B:Prefix-specific withdrawal with the session alive points to routing policy or origination changes rather than a loss of the physical circuit; this belongs to route-specific BGP advertisement troubleshooting, while the problem is diagnosing changed Direct Connect route advertisements.
C:Transit Gateway forwards packets according to the table associated with the ingress attachment; changing an unrelated table does not modify that path; this changes ingress-associated table lookup in Transit Gateway, not the necessary diagnosing changed Direct Connect route advertisements.
D:In the prefix-length precedence over broad backup preference workflow, route selection starts with prefix specificity, so an aggregate path preference may not override a more-specific destination learned elsewhere; the current case needs diagnosing changed Direct Connect route advertisements.
Question 230
An engineer sees traffic leaving via an Internet VPN instead of the preferred private circuit after the circuit's BGP session recovered. What should be inspected?
- Examine the customer BGP policy and selected best path for the AWS prefixes
- Analyze VIF BGP state transitions alongside router logs and BGP timers or policy events
- The more-specific VPN route wins destination matching before general circuit preference
- Withdraw only that prefix using a router prefix-list or origination policy
Explanation
Correct Answer
A:A restored adjacency may not be the preferred route if local preference, AS-path, or more-specific routes still favor VPN.
Incorrect Answers
B:Physical transport can remain up while BGP sessions reset because of control-plane reachability, authentication, or timers; this belongs to correlating hybrid BGP flaps with control-plane causes, while the problem is post-recovery BGP path preference assessment.
C:Route selection starts with prefix specificity, so an aggregate path preference may not override a more-specific destination learned elsewhere; this changes prefix-length precedence over broad backup preference, not the necessary post-recovery BGP path preference assessment.
D:In the selective removal of an obsolete BGP prefix workflow, prefix-scoped BGP policy removes the obsolete reachability advertisement without tearing down the entire hybrid adjacency; the current case needs post-recovery BGP path preference assessment.